Website catalogue: 151 chains. Current AI connection: 14 chains; approved accounts only.

Layer 2 blockchain · settles to Ethereum

Linea ticker ETH

  • No public-data lookups yet
  • 7 reviewed developments
  • 40 cited sources

Summary

Zero-knowledge rollup on Ethereum. Since Beta v4.0 (October 2025) blocks come from a sequencer node that pairs Maru, a consensus client using the QBFT algorithm that replaced the earlier Clique proof-of-authority setup, with a Linea Besu execution client; Linea says only one Linea-internal Maru node produces blocks for now. A coordinator groups blocks into batches and posts compressed data to Ethereum as blobs. A prover makes zk-SNARK proofs (L2BEAT describes a recursive PLONK-based stack that relies on trusted setups), and a contract on Ethereum verifies each proof and records the finalized state root. Block production uses no stake or work of its own. 3451416171825

Design

System
Layer 2 blockchainLinea Mainnet (chain ID 59144) is a zero-knowledge (validity-proof) rollup on Ethereum, incubated within Consensys and built on the open-source Lineth stack (formerly the Linea stack), which was contributed to Linux Foundation Decentralized Trust in May 2026. ETH is the gas asset. The LINEA token pays no gas and, per Linea's tokenomics page, carries no governance rights, so the display name uses ETH.
Settles to
EthereumCompressed batch data goes to Ethereum as blobs, and a batch is final once a verifier contract on Ethereum accepts its proof and that Ethereum block is finalized; Linea gives a median of about 2 hours to this hard finality and says it should not exceed 16 hours in normal operation. Withdrawals have no fraud-proof challenge window, but they wait for that finality and then need a claim on Ethereum; Linea's bridge guide gives 2 to 12 hours. Users cannot yet force transactions through Ethereum, and after six months without finalization the operator role opens to anyone, per L2BEAT.
Settlement family
Ethereum / EVM
Scarce resource
Other
State model
Accounts
Finality
Other
Who makes blocks
One sequencer maintained by the Linea team: Linea's Maru guide says only one Linea-internal Maru node produces blocks, and its risk disclosures call the sequencer and prover centralized components maintained by the Linea team during the Beta. L2BEAT lists two whitelisted operator accounts that may prove blocks and post data. Forced transactions through Ethereum are designed and staged in the rollup contract, but Linea says they are not yet live; L2BEAT says the operator role opens to anyone only after six months without finalized blocks.
Fork choice
No open L2 fork choice: Linea's node guide says node operators have no option to vote on blocks or take part in fork choice. Linea says a transaction sealed into an L2 block will not be removed or reordered by Linea, which is an operator promise; the Ethereum-backed guarantee comes only when the batch's proof is verified on Ethereum and that Ethereum block is finalized.

Qualifications

Tradeoffs

This view follows one way of thinking about design priorities, often called the blockchain trilemma. The design-priorities lesson sets out the counter-view. Read the design-priorities lesson.

Emphasizes
Scalability and Security
Gives up
Decentralized operation and upgrade safety: one sequencer maintained by the Linea team orders all transactions and can delay or reorder them, users cannot yet force transactions in through Ethereum, and a 5-of-9 Security Council can pause the rollup and upgrade its contracts immediately, with no exit window, per Linea's risk disclosures and L2BEAT, which rates Linea Stage 0.The security emphasis means every state update must pass a validity proof on Ethereum and batch data is posted there, so state can be rebuilt from Ethereum. That rests on sound circuits, trusted setups and correct verifiers: L2BEAT says the latest verifier upgrade had not been independently reproduced, and in September 2026 the council replaced a verifier to fix cases where proofs could not be generated. Since April 2026 part of the ETH held by the bridge contract has been staked on Ethereum through a Lido V3 vault, which adds staking and Lido dependencies.
Full node at home
Practical at home 45673536Linea's Besu guides give about 509 GB for a full node, growing about 9 MB a day, and about 3.9 TB for an archive node (figures last updated 3 November 2025); CPU, RAM and bandwidth minimums are not stated. Every node runs Maru beside an execution client; Docker Compose is recommended. An Ethereum RPC endpoint is optional: Linea's mainnet Maru configuration enables it only for the finalized block tag, and the Linea Besu guide asks for one only in its advanced profile. A home node only follows the sequencer, with no incentives and no vote on blocks.
Throughput claims
  • Theoretical peak: 200 18Theoretical peak; not comparable across chains or with observed load.Million gas per second (Mgas/s), as stated by Linea; not transactions per second.Stated in Linea's release notes for Beta v5.2 (mainnet 1 April 2026): the release increases throughput to 200 Mgas/s.Linea-operated sequencer and prover infrastructure; hardware not stated.Team-stated capacity, not an observed rate of use; the release note gives no method, test window or measured load. Gas per second is not transactions per second; the gas used by a transaction varies widely. The release note does not say whether sequencing, proving or data posting to Ethereum sets the limit. Ignores state growth, propagation to follower nodes and whether a home node can keep up at that rate. Ethereum-backed finality still waits for proof verification, which Linea gives as about 2 hours at the median.
Headline figures are not comparable across chains. A theoretical peak is never a like-for-like number.

Scaling layers

No scaling layer recorded in this profile.

Capabilities

Capabilities of Linea: how each one is provided, or its research status
CapabilityHow it is providedNotes and sources
Account abstractionStructured assessment pendingNot yet assessed for any chain.
Atomic swapsUnknownA protocol-level trust-minimized swap mechanism on Linea was not reviewed; EVM contracts could implement hash-locked swaps, but none was verified.
Authenticated data publicationUnknownNot yet assessed under this row's current definition.
Light clientsBuilt into the protocolLimited scopeLinea's rollup protocol produces what a light verifier checks: a finalized state root is recorded on Ethereum only after a validity proof passes, and Linea serves account and storage proofs for finalized blocks from its sparse Merkle tree, so anyone following Ethereum can check Linea state against that root. Limited: only finalized blocks (hard finality) can be checked this way, the proofs do not use Ethereum's state-proof format, and no dedicated Linea light client was reviewed. 31011
Native staking or delegationStructured assessment pendingNot yet assessed for any chain.
On-chain governanceStructured assessment pendingNot yet assessed for any chain.
Parallel executionStructured assessment pendingNot yet assessed for any chain.
Payment or state channelsUnknownNo payment or state channel layer anchored to Linea was reviewed.
Programmable spendingNative (protocol or core-team software) Earlier definitionLinea runs EVM contracts with Ethereum tooling, with documented differences such as no blob transactions and a call data cap. Since Beta v5.0 (March 2026) it supports EIP-7702, so ordinary accounts can delegate to smart-account code for batching, sponsored gas or session keys. 121318
Protocol-verified messagingStructured assessment pendingNot yet assessed for any chain.
Reversible transfers or recoveryUnknownNot yet assessed under the current definitions; no protocol feature to cancel or delay a sent payment or to recover an account was found. Linea's EIP-7702 page lists social recovery among the smart-account features ordinary accounts can now use, but no recovery product live on Linea was reviewed. 13
RollupsUnknownRollups anchored to Linea were not reviewed. Linea says others can deploy the Lineth stack as their own L2 or L3 networks, but those are separate from Linea Mainnet. Linea itself is a rollup on Ethereum; see the mechanism and Ethereum dependency notes.
Shielded transfersStructured assessment pendingNot yet assessed for any chain.
Signed partial offersUnknownNot yet assessed under this row's current definition.
Reading these values
How this feature is provided
Built into the protocol, core-team software or independent software says where a feature lives and who can change it. These are implementation layers, not quality: core-team software is not closer to the protocol than independent software.
Structured assessment pending
The shared review has not assessed this feature for any chain yet (Account abstraction, Native staking or delegation, On-chain governance, Parallel execution, Protocol-verified messaging and Shielded transfers). That does not mean it is absent, and a chain’s profile may already describe it.
Unknown
The review has not established this for this chain under the current definition; the note beside it says why. Unknown is not absent and not a low score. A feature reads “Not present” only when a source shows it is absent.
Earlier definition
Payment or state channels, Programmable spending and Rollups keep the earlier definition until the next fact-check. There, “Native” does not separate the protocol from core-team software, “Ecosystem software” does not say who publishes it, and “Partial” does not say which layer.
Reading across rows
The list of capabilities is incomplete. Do not read these rows as a chain leading or lagging overall.

Definitions, schema version and review history

Ecosystem & custody

Ecosystem products for Linea
Product typeStatusNotes and sources
Automated market makersEstablished in the ecosystemEtherex, SyncSwapEtherex describes itself as a concentrated-liquidity exchange built on Linea by the Linea and NILE teams and lists its contracts on Linea; SyncSwap's docs list its Linea pool factories, vault and routers. Liquidity depth and current activity were not measured, and other venues were not reviewed. 282930 As of Sep 27, 2026.
Issuer-native stablecoinsEstablished in the ecosystemUSDC (Circle), MetaMask USD (mUSD)Circle lists natively issued USDC on Linea (0x176211869cA2b568f2A7D4EE941E073a821EE1ff), and Linea's bridge guide says USDC moves through Circle's Cross-Chain Transfer Protocol. MetaMask USD, issued with Bridge (a Stripe company) on the M0 protocol and described by MetaMask as backed by short-term US Treasury bills, launched on Ethereum and Linea in September 2025. Native here means issuer-issued on Linea, not a protocol asset; reserves were not reviewed. 223132 As of Sep 27, 2026.
Algorithmic stablecoinsUnknownAlgorithmic or hybrid stablecoins on Linea were not reviewed. As of Sep 27, 2026.
BridgesNative to the protocolLinea canonical bridge (message service and token bridge), Circle CCTP for USDC, LI.FI-powered aggregator in Linea's bridge appETH moves as value on the canonical message service and ERC-20 tokens through a lock-and-mint token bridge; messages to Ethereum can be claimed only after their batch is finalized, and anyone can submit the claim. Linea's bridge guide gives about 20 minutes into Linea and 2 to 12 hours out, with a manual claim on Ethereum for withdrawals and all USDC transfers. Third-party bridges were not reviewed individually. Risk: A 5-of-9 Security Council can pause and upgrade the bridge immediately; a Linea-run Emergency Pauser can pause it for a limited time. Forced transactions are not live, so a stalled or censoring operator can freeze withdrawals until L2BEAT's six-month fallback. Withdrawals are capped at 10,000 ETH a day on Ethereum and 8,000 ETH a day on Linea (council, April 2026). Since April 2026 part of the bridge's ETH is staked through Lido V3 (up to 60% from September 2026), so exits can wait on Ethereum's validator queue, with slashing and contract risk. 1718192021222325 As of Sep 27, 2026.
Block explorersEstablished in the ecosystemLineascan (built by Etherscan), Blockscout (explorer.linea.build), Lineaplorer, OKLink, Linea for HumansLinea's docs name Lineascan and a Blockscout instance as official explorers and list three community explorers that Linea says it has not audited or endorsed; only the two official ones were opened in this review. Explorer indexes are not canonical consensus. 242627 As of Sep 27, 2026.
Hardware walletsThinLedger Wallet (Linea behind a default-off feature switch), Trezor Safe 3, 5 and 7 (through MetaMask or Rabby)See custody rows: Ledger Wallet's code includes Linea behind a feature switch that is off by default, with no Ledger page confirming users can open it; Trezor's Linea page lists the network, but Trezor Suite's own network configuration does not include Linea, so Trezor use goes through third-party wallet apps. Linea's EIP-7702 page warns that some hardware wallets could not sign smart-account authorizations as of March 2026. 13333439 As of Sep 27, 2026.

Hardware-wallet custody

Hardware-wallet custody for Linea
Device makerStatusWhat users can and cannot do
LedgerPartialSame as native: UnknownCan: Possibly hold and send ETH on Linea in Ledger Wallet: Ledger's current wallet code includes Linea as an Ethereum-family network, but behind a feature switch that is off by defaultCounted as limited first-party support under the shared custody rule: Ledger Wallet hides Linea unless its feature switch is on, the switch is off by default in code, and Ledger's remote switch setting could not be read. Ledger's Linea coin page returned 404 and its support article did not render, so no user-facing Ledger statement confirms the network is on. Linea's connection page names Ledger among supported wallets. Token and smart-account coverage were not reviewed. 2383940 As of Sep 27, 2026.
TrezorThrough an intermediaryMetaMask or Rabby (third-party wallet apps named on Trezor's Linea page)Same as native: UnknownCan: Use a Trezor Safe 3, Safe 5 or Safe 7 on the Linea network through MetaMask or Rabby, confirming transactions on the device; Trezor's Linea page lists the Linea network for these models
Cannot: Add a Linea network account in Trezor Suite: the EVM network list in Trezor Suite's public source code does not include Linea, although Trezor's Linea page names Trezor Suite as a compatible appTrezor's evidence conflicts: its Linea page lists Ethereum and Linea as networks and names Trezor Suite, but Suite's network configuration lists no Linea chain. The page may describe the LINEA token, which also exists on Ethereum. Older Trezor models were not reviewed. 3334 As of Sep 27, 2026.

Public data

iKnow Blockchain has no public-data lookups for Linea yet. This is a limit of the service, not a statement about the network.

Public-data lookups for Linea
LookupStatusWhat it covers and its limits
Address or accountNot available yetPublic-data lookups for this chain are not built yet.
Tokens and assetsNot available yetPublic-data lookups for this chain are not built yet.
NFTsNot available yetPublic-data lookups for this chain are not built yet.
TransactionsNot available yetPublic-data lookups for this chain are not built yet.

A lookup covers one address or transaction from one provider. It is never a complete wallet, and an error or private value is reported as unknown, not zero. About public data · Connect your AI

Sourced developments

Developments: Review overdue Reviewed Sep 27, 2026; next review was due Oct 7, 2026, 12:00 UTC.

Publication date · newest first

Topics your AI can explain

Your AI can explain these topics for Linea through the connection, with sources.

Known gaps

What this profile's review did not establish:

Sources

Oldest dated source check: Source checked Sep 27, 2026 Next check due Oct 27, 2026.

All 40 sources were checked in the last 30 days.

  1. Linea Mainnet (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  2. Connect (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  3. Architecture (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  4. Maru (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  5. Run a Linea node (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  6. Besu (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  7. Linea Besu (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  8. Prover (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  9. Trusted setup (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  10. EVM state manager (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  11. State recovery (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  12. Ethereum differences (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  13. EIP-7702 support (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  14. Transaction finality (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  15. Tokenomics (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  16. Forced transactions (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  17. Risk disclosures (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  18. Release notes (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  19. Linea Security Council transaction record (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  20. Canonical message service (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  21. Canonical token bridge (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  22. Bridge tokens to Linea (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  23. Yield Boost risk disclosures (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  24. Block explorers (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  25. Linea (external site)L2BEAT · retrieved
  26. Linea Mainnet (ETH) Blockchain Explorer (external site)Lineascan (Etherscan) · retrieved
  27. Linea blockchain explorer (external site)Blockscout · retrieved
  28. Etherex documentation (external site)Etherex · retrieved
  29. Contract addresses (external site)Etherex · retrieved
  30. Smart Contracts (external site)SyncSwap · retrieved
  31. USDC Contract Addresses (external site)Circle · retrieved
  32. Introducing MetaMask USD (external site)MetaMask · retrieved
  33. Safe & secure Linea wallet (external site)Trezor · retrieved
  34. Trezor Suite Ethereum network configuration (networkConfig.ts, develop branch) (external site)Trezor (GitHub) · retrieved
  35. Maru configuration reference (external site)Linea Documentation · retrieved
  36. Linea Mainnet Maru configuration (docs/getting-started/linea-mainnet/maru/maru-config.toml) (external site)Lineth (GitHub) · retrieved
  37. Maru Linea Mainnet genesis configuration (linea-mainnet-genesis.json) (external site)Lineth (GitHub) · retrieved
  38. Ledger Wallet coin-module loaders (loaders.ts, develop branch) (external site)Ledger (GitHub, LedgerHQ/ledger-live) · retrieved
  39. Ledger Wallet feature switch currencyLinea (develop branch) (external site)Ledger (GitHub, LedgerHQ/ledger-live) · retrieved
  40. Ledger feature-flag definitions (define.ts): a switch declared with no value is off by default (external site)Ledger (GitHub, LedgerHQ/ledger-live) · retrieved

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Funding disclosure

Funding disclosures appear here when an upkeep arrangement exists, in the form “Upkeep funded by [name]; verdicts unaffected.” The funder ledger has not been published yet. Neutrality & funding