Website catalogue: 151 chains. Current AI connection: 14 chains; approved accounts only.

Layer 1 blockchain

Radix ticker XRD

  • No public-data lookups yet
  • 5 reviewed developments
  • 40 cited sources

Summary

Radix mainnet runs a HotStuff-derived BFT consensus with a delegated proof-of-stake validator set. At the start of each epoch (about five minutes) the top 100 registered validators by delegated XRD stake form the active set; votes count by stake and a quorum needs more than two-thirds of it. The docs describe deterministic finality with no probabilistic forks. Cerberus, the sharded consensus design published in 2020, is not active on mainnet: the network still runs as one shard, and Radix's 2024 roadmap says the team put the Radix Engine and Scrypto first. On 31 August 2026 validators took enough stake offline to stop commits after an engine exploit. The Eagle Ray update, set in the node software to enact unconditionally at epoch 339,898, restarted the ledger: the Gateway records that epoch's first transactions on 11 September 2026, and it was still advancing on 29 September. 14192021222324

Design

System
Layer 1 blockchainThe Radix Public Network is an independent layer 1 with its own delegated proof-of-stake validator set; it does not settle to another chain. It went live as Olympia in July 2021 and was rebuilt by the Babylon upgrade in September 2023. Its ledger is kept as a numbered stream of committed transactions grouped into epochs: consensus proposes vertices, but their boundaries disappear once committed. Commits stopped from 31 August 2026 after an engine exploit and resumed on 11 September 2026 with the Eagle Ray protocol update.
Settlement family
Its own design
Scarce resource
Stake (proof of stake)
State model
Accounts
Finality
Other
Who makes blocks
Each consensus round has one leader from the active set. The node software rotates leaders in proportion to stake, so validators with more stake propose more often. The leader's round-change transaction records missed proposals, and at the epoch change a validator's share of new XRD emissions is scaled by its reliability; with mainnet's current setting, missing even one of its proposals in an epoch forfeits that epoch's emissions. Anyone can register a validator by paying a creation fee in XRD, but only the top 100 by stake take part in an epoch.
Fork choice
No open weight-based chain selection. A vertex commits only with a quorum certificate signed by validators holding more than two-thirds of active stake, and committed transactions are final. If more than one-third of stake stops voting, commits halt until enough returns; validators used this on 31 August 2026 to stop the ledger on purpose.

Qualifications

Tradeoffs

This view follows one way of thinking about design priorities, often called the blockchain trilemma. The design-priorities lesson sets out the counter-view. Read the design-priorities lesson.

Emphasizes
Security and Scalability
Gives up
Open, unbounded participation in consensus, and on today's mainnet, horizontal scale. Only the top 100 validators by stake take part in each epoch, and mainnet runs as one shard until the planned Xi'an release, which has no confirmed schedule. Protocol updates have shipped as node software from Foundation-funded developers, and the September 2026 recovery update was fixed to enact at a set epoch without a stake-weighted readiness vote.Scalability is the stated goal of the Cerberus design and the Hyperscale research network, not a property of current mainnet. Security here means BFT safety with deterministic finality, which held during the August 2026 incident. The exploit itself was an engine authorization defect introduced in 2023 and missed by a 2024 audit, so asset safety depended on engine correctness. No slashing is active today.
Full node at home
Demanding 567The node guide suggests 8 CPUs, 16 GB of RAM, 500 GB of SSD storage to start and at least 100 Mbps of bandwidth, on Ubuntu 22.04 with a Java 17 runtime; builds are listed for Linux, macOS and Windows. Every node keeps the complete ledger state, and anyone can run one without stake. Joining consensus needs enough delegated stake to rank in the top 100 validators. The Radix Wallet reads through a Gateway by default; the Gateway is a separate indexer set up alongside a node, so running one adds to these requirements.
Throughput claims
  • Lab benchmark: 500,000 tx/s 2526Controlled benchmark; not observed network behavior.Public Hyperscale test on 31 January 2026 (sustained rate as reported by the interim Hyperscale lead).128 shards; 384 bootstrap and 40 validator nodes on AWS m6i.xlarge instances (4 cores, 16 GB RAM) plus community-run nodes; 6 load-generation nodes with 48 cores and 192 GB RAM each.Measured on Hyperscale, a separate research network, not on Radix mainnet, which still runs one shard on its existing node software. The Foundation called it a public, non-validated performance test; no third party certified the figure, and the setup, code and logs were still to be published when the phase closed in February 2026. The load was swap transactions generated by the test's own load nodes; the two posts report peaks differently (above 700,000 and above 800,000 per second). Any mainnet use depends on the planned Xi'an release, whose delivery is now a community matter with no confirmed schedule.
  • Theoretical peak 172324Theoretical peak; not comparable across chains or with observed load.Unbounded ('unlimited', 'infinitely scalable') throughput claimed for the planned Xi'an release through sharded Cerberus; no figure given.Xi'an is a plan. The November 2024 roadmap targeted an alpha in early 2027 and launch in the second half of 2027; the Foundation ended its own Hyperscale work in February 2026, so that timeline no longer has a funded owner. The claim describes a design property (linear scaling by adding shards), not a measured or configured rate.
Headline figures are not comparable across chains. A theoretical peak is never a like-for-like number.

Scaling layers

No scaling layer recorded in this profile.

Capabilities

Capabilities of Radix: how each one is provided, or its research status
CapabilityHow it is providedNotes and sources
Account abstractionStructured assessment pendingNot yet assessed for any chain.
Atomic swapsBuilt into the protocolLimited scopeLimited to exchanges on Radix itself. A transaction intent can be signed by up to 16 signers, its manifest runs every step as one atomic unit and can assert what each account receives, and a failed transaction rolls back every change except fees, so two parties can co-sign one transaction that moves both assets in full or not at all. This is the ordinary signed transaction, separate from the subintents assessed under signed offers. No hash-time-locked or other trust-minimised cross-chain swap was found in the reviewed docs. 21112
Authenticated data publicationUnknownNo data-publication feature was found in the reviewed docs. The ledger keeps Merkle trees over state and over transaction payloads and receipts, which are building blocks, but no documented flow lets a publisher commit to data that others retrieve and check against the commitment. 1
Light clientsBuilt into the protocolLimited scopeProtocol, limited: consensus signs proofs of the committed ledger, and the docs say a chain of epoch proofs from the genesis epoch proof can verify the current validator set and current ledger proofs, while Merkle trees over state, transaction payloads and receipts can verify state and transaction outcomes. The limit: no packaged light client was found, the reviewed docs point users to full nodes, the Core API or the Gateway, and a verifier must start from the genesis epoch proof and fetch proofs from a node. 16
Native staking or delegationStructured assessment pendingNot yet assessed for any chain.
On-chain governanceStructured assessment pendingNot yet assessed for any chain.
Parallel executionStructured assessment pendingNot yet assessed for any chain.
Payment or state channelsUnknownNo payment or state channel layer on Radix was found in the reviewed sources.
Programmable spendingNative (protocol or core-team software) Earlier definitionSpend conditions come from the engine's badge and access-rule system: accounts, resources and Scrypto components (blueprints compiled to WebAssembly and run by the Radix Engine) assign roles whose rules can require signatures, badges or combinations of them. Accounts can also be placed under the built-in access controller, which holds the account's owner badge behind primary, recovery and confirmation roles. 891015
Protocol-verified messagingStructured assessment pendingNot yet assessed for any chain.
Reversible transfers or recoveryBuilt into the protocolLimited scopePart (b) through the built-in access controller: an account's owner badge can be held under primary, recovery and confirmation roles, and a recovery started by the recovery role can be confirmed by anyone after a timed-recovery delay the owner sets in advance, replacing the lost factors. Part (a) is limited to the built-in account locker, where an application can take back resources it stored for a user who has not yet claimed them. An ordinary completed transfer cannot be reclaimed or cancelled. 81516
RollupsUnknownNo rollup or validium settling to Radix was found in the reviewed sources; scaling work targets sharding the base layer.
Shielded transfersStructured assessment pendingNot yet assessed for any chain.
Signed partial offersBuilt into the protocolFull scopeSubintents (called pre-authorizations in the wallet), part of the transaction format since the Cuttlefish update in December 2024: a maker signs a subintent that withdraws what they give, yields it to a parent and asserts what they must get back; whoever holds it can wrap it in a transaction (unless the maker limits which parent may use it), and both legs commit in that one transaction or not at all while the maker's assets stay in their account. Matching happens off the network; a subintent carries an expiry window. Atomix, a third-party mainnet app, uses them for direct offers. 3131431
Reading these values
How this feature is provided
Built into the protocol, core-team software or independent software says where a feature lives and who can change it. These are implementation layers, not quality: core-team software is not closer to the protocol than independent software.
Structured assessment pending
The shared review has not assessed this feature for any chain yet (Account abstraction, Native staking or delegation, On-chain governance, Parallel execution, Protocol-verified messaging and Shielded transfers). That does not mean it is absent, and a chain’s profile may already describe it.
Unknown
The review has not established this for this chain under the current definition; the note beside it says why. Unknown is not absent and not a low score. A feature reads “Not present” only when a source shows it is absent.
Earlier definition
Payment or state channels, Programmable spending and Rollups keep the earlier definition until the next fact-check. There, “Native” does not separate the protocol from core-team software, “Ecosystem software” does not say who publishes it, and “Partial” does not say which layer.
Reading across rows
The list of capabilities is incomplete. Do not read these rows as a chain leading or lagging overall.

Definitions, schema version and review history

Ecosystem & custody

Ecosystem products for Radix
Product typeStatusNotes and sources
Automated market makersThinOciswap, DefiPlaza, CaviarNineDeFiLlama lists several exchanges on Radix, including Ociswap's Basic and Precision pools and CaviarNine's pool products, which it lists on Radix only, and DefiPlaza, which it lists on Radix and Ethereum; Ociswap and DefiPlaza served their own apps at review. The Foundation's incident report says liquidity pools were among the vaults drained on 31 August 2026. Operators, audits and current liquidity depth were not reviewed. 2737 As of Sep 29, 2026.
Issuer-native stablecoinsNone foundNeither Circle's USDC contract list nor Tether's supported-protocol list includes Radix. Dollar tokens on Radix were bridged representations minted through Hyperlane routes, which were shut down during the August 2026 incident. 27303536 As of Sep 29, 2026.
Algorithmic stablecoinsUnknownNo algorithmic dollar stablecoin with material use was verified. DeFiLlama lists Flux, a borrowing protocol that lends against staked XRD with user-set interest rates, and the STAB Protocol, whose stable asset has a variable target set by an interest-rate mechanism; both are collateral-backed designs and were not reviewed. 37 As of Sep 29, 2026.
BridgesUnknownHyperlane warp routes (third party; shut down 31 Aug 2026), Astrolescent (bridge front end), Maya Protocol (third party; XRD not listed at review)Hyperlane warp routes went live on Radix in September 2025 for USDC, USDT, wBTC and ETH to and from Ethereum, Arbitrum, Base and BNB Smart Chain, and after Instabridge shut down they became the route for eXRD, XRD's Ethereum form. On 31 August 2026 Hyperlane took its Radix validators offline and the Foundation paused routes; reopening was not verified. DeFiLlama also lists Maya Protocol, a separate cross-chain swap network, on Radix, but Maya's node API did not list XRD on 29 September 2026. With no route verified open at review, whether any bridge works today is not known. Risk: Users trust Hyperlane's validator and relayer set and route owners, not Radix consensus; Maya Protocol swaps rely on the vaults its own network manages. The 2026 exploit drained bridged assets from vaults on Radix and moved them out through the Hyperlane routes, and the bridge could only help contain it by shutting down. A wrapped asset is only as sound as the bridge that minted it. 272829303738 As of Sep 29, 2026.
Block explorersEstablished in the ecosystemRadix Dashboard (now served as RadixScan), RadXplorerRadix's docs list dashboard.radixdlt.com as the mainnet explorer and staking dashboard; at review that address redirected to RadixScan's dashboard, and the Foundation says the Dashboard now runs on community or free-to-host alternatives. RadXplorer, a separate site, describes itself as a Radix explorer; only its page metadata was read. Neither operator was verified. Explorer data is provider-indexed. 18283940 As of Sep 29, 2026.
Hardware walletsThinLedger (through the Radix Wallet)See custody rows: a Ledger device signs through the Radix Wallet and the Radix Connector extension using the Radix Babylon device app, while Ledger's own currency list has no Radix entry; Trezor says it does not support Radix. 323334 As of Sep 29, 2026.

Hardware-wallet custody

Hardware-wallet custody for Radix
Device makerStatusWhat users can and cannot do
LedgerThrough an intermediaryRadix Wallet with the Radix Connector browser extension, signing with the Radix Babylon device appSame as native: UnknownCan: Install the Radix Babylon (XRD) app on a Nano S, S Plus or X from Ledger Live's app catalogue, per Radix's guide
Can: Create a hardware-protected account in the Radix Wallet and approve every transaction on the device
Can: Verify an account address on the device screen
Cannot: Find Radix or XRD in Ledger's published Ledger Wallet currency list (@ledgerhq/cryptoassets 13.56.0)
Cannot: Use the account without the Radix Wallet and the Radix Connector extension on a linked computerRadix's guide says Nano S support may end in future updates and that the flow will change when multi-factor account control reaches the Radix Wallet. Ledger's coin page address for Radix redirected to its general supported-assets list at review. 3233 As of Sep 29, 2026.
TrezorNone foundSame as native: NoCannot: Manage Radix in Trezor Suite; Trezor's page says it does not currently support RadixTrezor's page asks users who used Radix with Trezor before to contact support; no third-party signing path is named. 34 As of Sep 29, 2026.

Public data

iKnow Blockchain has no public-data lookups for Radix yet. This is a limit of the service, not a statement about the network.

Public-data lookups for Radix
LookupStatusWhat it covers and its limits
Address or accountNot available yetPublic-data lookups for this chain are not built yet.
Tokens and assetsNot available yetPublic-data lookups for this chain are not built yet.
NFTsNot available yetPublic-data lookups for this chain are not built yet.
TransactionsNot available yetPublic-data lookups for this chain are not built yet.

A lookup covers one address or transaction from one provider. It is never a complete wallet, and an error or private value is reported as unknown, not zero. About public data · Connect your AI

Sourced developments

Developments: Reviewed Sep 29, 2026 Next review due Oct 9, 2026, 12:00 UTC.

Publication date · newest first

Topics your AI can explain

Your AI can explain these topics for Radix through the connection, with sources.

Known gaps

What this profile's review did not establish:

Sources

Oldest dated source check: Source checked Sep 29, 2026 Next check due Oct 29, 2026.

All 40 sources were checked in the last 30 days.

  1. Consensus, Ledger Forks, Blocks, and Trust chains (external site)Radix Documentation · retrieved
  2. Transactions for Integrators (external site)Radix Documentation · retrieved
  3. Cuttlefish (protocol update page) (external site)Radix Documentation · retrieved
  4. Consensus Manager (external site)Radix Documentation · retrieved
  5. Validator (external site)Radix Documentation · retrieved
  6. Node overview (external site)Radix Documentation · retrieved
  7. Running a Node (external site)Radix Documentation · retrieved
  8. State Model - Introduction (external site)Radix Documentation · retrieved
  9. Authorization (external site)Radix Documentation · retrieved
  10. Scrypto (external site)Radix Documentation · retrieved
  11. Transactions & Manifests (external site)Radix Documentation · retrieved
  12. Transaction Limits (external site)Radix Documentation · retrieved
  13. Subintents (external site)Radix Documentation · retrieved
  14. Pre-authorizations & Subintents (external site)Radix Documentation · retrieved
  15. Access Controller (external site)Radix Documentation · retrieved
  16. Account Locker (external site)Radix Documentation · retrieved
  17. Introduction to Radix at Babylon (external site)Radix Documentation · retrieved
  18. Environments (external site)Radix Documentation · retrieved
  19. mainnet_protocol_config.rs at v1.4.0.0 (Eagle Ray enactment epoch and transaction moratorium) (external site)Radix DLT (babylon-node repository, GitHub) · retrieved
  20. WeightedRotatingLeaders.java at v1.4.0.0 (stake-weighted leader rotation) (external site)Radix DLT (babylon-node repository, GitHub) · retrieved
  21. ValidationState.java at v1.4.0.0 (stake-weighted quorum threshold) (external site)Radix DLT (babylon-node repository, GitHub) · retrieved
  22. Radix mainnet Gateway transaction stream from epoch 339,898 (read 2026-09-29) (external site)Radix Foundation Gateway · retrieved
  23. Cerberus: A Parallelized BFT Consensus Protocol for Radix (v1.01, March 2020) (external site)Radix DLT · retrieved
  24. Radix Labs Roadmap - To Hyperscale and Beyond (external site)Radix Blog · retrieved
  25. Hyperscale Update: 500k+ Public Test Done (external site)Radix Blog · retrieved
  26. Interim Hyperscale: Closing the Chapter (external site)Radix Blog · retrieved
  27. Public Incident Report: Vault-Authorisation Vulnerability and Loss of Network Liveness (external site)Radix Foundation (Radix Blog) · retrieved
  28. Foundation Update: Moving to Maintenance Mode (external site)Radix Blog · retrieved
  29. 2026 Strategy: The Next Chapter of Radix (external site)Radix Blog · retrieved
  30. Hyperlane is Live! (external site)Radix Blog · retrieved
  31. Radix Subintents in Action: Peer-to-Peer Trading with Atomix (external site)Radix Blog · retrieved
  32. Using Ledger Nano S, S Plus or X with the Radix Wallet (external site)Radix Knowledge Base · retrieved
  33. @ledgerhq/cryptoassets 13.56.0 currency list (external site)Ledger (npm package via jsDelivr) · retrieved
  34. Radix wallet (support status) (external site)Trezor · retrieved
  35. USDC contract addresses (external site)Circle · retrieved
  36. Supported protocols (external site)Tether · retrieved
  37. DeFiLlama protocols API (Radix entries: Ociswap, DefiPlaza, CaviarNine, Flux, STAB Protocol, Maya Protocol and others) (external site)DeFiLlama · retrieved
  38. Maya Protocol node API: inbound addresses (chains listed on 2026-09-29) (external site)Maya Protocol (mayanode API) · retrieved
  39. RadixScan Dashboard: Explorer, staking and more for Radix (external site)RadixScan · retrieved
  40. RadXplorer - Radix Explorer (external site)RadXplorer · retrieved

Report an error

Found something wrong or out of date? Reporting is free, and every chain goes through the same process. Published corrections appear in the public log.

Funding disclosure

Funding disclosures appear here when an upkeep arrangement exists, in the form “Upkeep funded by [name]; verdicts unaffected.” The funder ledger has not been published yet. Neutrality & funding