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Layer 2 blockchain · settles to Ethereum

Starknet ticker STRK

  • No public-data lookups yet
  • 6 reviewed developments
  • 40 cited sources

Summary

Validity rollup on Ethereum. StarkWare-run sequencers order transactions into L2 blocks and agree on them by a vote among the sequencers; the proposer gives sub-second pre-confirmations. Block execution by the Starknet OS program is proven with StarkWare's S-two prover (live on mainnet since late 2025), proofs for many blocks are aggregated recursively by StarkWare's SHARP service (L2BEAT says the older Stone prover still produces the top of that aggregation), and a verifier contract on Ethereum must accept the proof before Ethereum's copy of the Starknet state moves forward. Compressed state diffs are posted to Ethereum as blobs so anyone can rebuild the state. STRK and wrapped-BTC stakers attest to blocks to earn rewards, but in the current phase they do not propose or finalize blocks. 3571114151725

Design

System
Layer 2 blockchainStarknet Mainnet is a validity (zero-knowledge STARK) rollup on Ethereum: it posts compressed state diffs to Ethereum and a verifier contract there must accept a STARK proof before the new state root counts. Execution is the Cairo VM; Solidity bytecode does not run on it. Since v0.14.0 (1 September 2025) fees are paid only in STRK; ETH remains an ordinary token on Starknet. It is not grouped with the Ethereum and EVM settlement family, because that label would imply EVM compatibility, which Starknet does not have.
Settles to
EthereumState diffs go to Ethereum, normally as blobs, and the core contract updates only after SHARP's verifier accepts a proof; the transaction then shows as accepted on L1. StarkWare's roadmap gives about 3 hours to L1 finality after v0.14.2 and targets under 1.5 hours for v0.15; these are targets, not measurements. A withdrawal becomes usable once its block is proven and then needs a separate Ethereum transaction (for StarkGate anyone may send it). Per L2BEAT there is no forced inclusion or escape hatch; only a Security Council minority can bypass the sequencers, with no deadline.
Settlement family
Its own design
Scarce resource
Other
State model
Accounts
Finality
Other
Who makes blocks
Sequencers operated and controlled by StarkWare, taking turns as block proposer. The Grinta (v0.14.0, September 2025) announcement and version notes describe three; L2BEAT, citing StarkWare's current mainnet configuration, describes five equal-weight permissioned sequencers needing 3 of 5 votes under v0.14.3. No current StarkWare page states the count. Stakers only attest (phase 2 of a 4-phase staking plan).
Fork choice
No open L2 fork choice: blocks agreed by the permissioned sequencer vote are canonical, and the absolute guarantee comes only when a proof covering the block is verified on Ethereum. In January 2026 StarkWare reverted 18 minutes of already-accepted L2 blocks after a sequencer execution bug.

Qualifications

Tradeoffs

This view follows one way of thinking about design priorities, often called the blockchain trilemma. The design-priorities lesson sets out the counter-view. Read the design-priorities lesson.

Emphasizes
Security and Scalability
Gives up
Decentralized operation: StarkWare runs every sequencer, there is no way for users to force a transaction in or exit if the operator censors or stops, the Security Council can upgrade the core contracts instantly, and in September 2026 it had six addresses temporarily restricted after a lending-protocol oracle incident.The security emphasis means state transitions are checked by STARK proofs on Ethereum and state diffs are published there; StarkWare says this kept an incorrect sequencer execution in January 2026 from reaching finality on Ethereum, although it had to revert 18 minutes of Starknet blocks. That guarantee covers correctness, not liveness or censorship resistance. L2BEAT rates Starknet Stage 1: regular upgrades wait 8 days, emergency upgrades by the 9-of-12 Security Council have no exit window.
Full node at home
Practical at home 13262728Juno lists 4 CPU cores, 8 GB of RAM or more and a fast NVMe SSD for a node that keeps in sync and can do validator attestations; Pathfinder recommends 4 cores, 16 GB of RAM and a 1 TB SSD. Both need an Ethereum websocket RPC endpoint, and the Starknet docs suggest a hosted provider; running your own Ethereum node adds Ethereum's much larger requirements. Pathfinder checks Starknet state against Ethereum. A full node verifies and serves data but cannot produce blocks, which only StarkWare's sequencers do.
Throughput claims
No classified figure recorded

Scaling layers

No scaling layer recorded in this profile.

Capabilities

Capabilities of Starknet: how each one is provided, or its research status
CapabilityHow it is providedNotes and sources
Account abstractionStructured assessment pendingNot yet assessed for any chain.
Atomic swapsIndependent softwareLimited scopeThe protocol has no built-in swap; third-party services provide it. Garden settles swaps through hashed time-locked contracts (HTLCs) and lists Starknet (WBTC) among its supported chains, and Atomiq documents trustless Bitcoin swaps into Starknet enforced by on-chain verification of Bitcoin block headers. No StarkWare swap tool is cited. Limited: the cited services cover Bitcoin-linked assets only. Contract risk and liquidity were not reviewed. 313238
Authenticated data publicationUnknownNot yet assessed under this row's current definition.
Light clientsBuilt into the protocolLimited scopeStarknet's rollup protocol produces what a light verifier checks: state is committed in Merkle-Patricia tries whose root, once proven, is recorded on Ethereum, so storage values can be checked with inclusion proofs against it; Pathfinder verifies state against Ethereum this way. Limited: only state accepted on L1 (covered by a verified proof) can be checked, and no dedicated Starknet light client was reviewed. 6728
Native staking or delegationStructured assessment pendingNot yet assessed for any chain.
On-chain governanceStructured assessment pendingNot yet assessed for any chain.
Parallel executionStructured assessment pendingNot yet assessed for any chain.
Payment or state channelsUnknownNo payment or state channel layer anchored to Starknet was reviewed.
Programmable spendingNative (protocol or core-team software) Earlier definitionEvery Starknet account is a smart contract with its own validation logic (multisig, session keys, passkeys), and multicall is built in. Contracts are written in Cairo. 12
Protocol-verified messagingStructured assessment pendingNot yet assessed for any chain.
Reversible transfers or recoveryIndependent softwareLimited scopeNo protocol feature cancels or delays a sent payment. Because every account is a contract, wallets can build recovery: the open-source Argent account contract, used by Argent's Starknet wallet (now named Ready), lets guardians replace lost owner keys through an escape that the owner can override during a security period, 7 days by default. Its publisher is Argent (Ready), not StarkWare; no StarkWare recovery tool is cited. Limited: this recovers control of an account (part b) and does not reverse payments. 23339
RollupsUnknownStarknet's SN Stack offers appchain frameworks (StarkWare's sequencer, Madara, Dojo's Katana) and rollup service providers, but no specific rollup settling to Starknet mainnet was verified. Starknet itself is a rollup on Ethereum. 22
Shielded transfersStructured assessment pendingNot yet assessed for any chain.
Signed partial offersUnknownNot yet assessed under this row's current definition.
Reading these values
How this feature is provided
Built into the protocol, core-team software or independent software says where a feature lives and who can change it. These are implementation layers, not quality: core-team software is not closer to the protocol than independent software.
Structured assessment pending
The shared review has not assessed this feature for any chain yet (Account abstraction, Native staking or delegation, On-chain governance, Parallel execution, Protocol-verified messaging and Shielded transfers). That does not mean it is absent, and a chain’s profile may already describe it.
Unknown
The review has not established this for this chain under the current definition; the note beside it says why. Unknown is not absent and not a low score. A feature reads “Not present” only when a source shows it is absent.
Earlier definition
Payment or state channels, Programmable spending and Rollups keep the earlier definition until the next fact-check. There, “Native” does not separate the protocol from core-team software, “Ecosystem software” does not say who publishes it, and “Partial” does not say which layer.
Reading across rows
The list of capabilities is incomplete. Do not read these rows as a chain leading or lagging overall.

Definitions, schema version and review history

Ecosystem & custody

Ecosystem products for Starknet
Product typeStatusNotes and sources
Automated market makersEstablished in the ecosystemEkubo, MySwap, AVNU (aggregator)Ekubo documents a concentrated-liquidity AMM deployed on Starknet (and on EVM chains with V3). Starknet's DeFi directory also lists MySwap, AVNU, Fibrous and the Layer Akira order book. Liquidity depth was not measured. 2129 As of Sep 27, 2026.
Issuer-native stablecoinsEstablished in the ecosystemUSDC (Circle)Circle lists natively issued USDC on Starknet (0x033068F6539f8e6e6b131e6B2B814e6c34A5224bC66947c47DaB9dFeE93b35fb). StarkGate also keeps a legacy bridged USDC route from Ethereum, so more than one USDC representation may exist. Native means issuer-issued on Starknet, not a protocol asset. 930 As of Sep 27, 2026.
Algorithmic stablecoinsUnknownAlgorithmic or hybrid stablecoins on Starknet were not reviewed. As of Sep 27, 2026.
BridgesNative to the protocolStarkGate (Ethereum), strkBTC bridge (Bitcoin), Layerswap, Stargate, NEAR Intents, Garden FinanceStarkGate, developed by StarkWare, moves ETH and ERC-20 tokens between Ethereum and Starknet through L1-L2 messaging; withdrawals are released on Ethereum after the block is proven. strkBTC is backed by BTC locked on Bitcoin, with the bridge run by a five-member federation. Starknet's bridge page lists the third-party routes, which were not reviewed individually. Risk: Per L2BEAT the StarkGate and core contracts can be upgraded instantly by the 9-of-12 Security Council or after 8 days by a 2-of-6 StarkWare multisig, and users have no forced exit if the sequencers censor them. StarkGate can also cap withdrawals at 5% of a token's locked value per day during a security incident. The strkBTC bridge is federated, with a trustless design only on its roadmap. 89182025 As of Sep 27, 2026.
Block explorersEstablished in the ecosystemVoyager, Starkscan, ViewBlock, OKLink, Cartridge explorerStarknet's explorer page and developer integrations page list these. Voyager refused automated fetches during this review, so it was not opened directly. Explorer indexes are not canonical consensus. 1219 As of Sep 27, 2026.
Hardware walletsThinLedger (through Braavos or Ready), Trezor (STRK on Ethereum or Solana only)See custody rows: Ledger signing for Starknet accounts goes through third-party wallet apps with Ledger's Starknet device app; Trezor lists STRK only on the Ethereum and Solana networks, and its firmware has no Starknet signing. 34363740 As of Sep 27, 2026.

Hardware-wallet custody

Hardware-wallet custody for Starknet
Device makerStatusWhat users can and cannot do
LedgerThrough an intermediaryBraavos or Ready (the former Argent X) wallet apps, signing with Ledger's official Starknet device appSame as native: UnknownCan: Create a Starknet account in Braavos and sign its transactions on a Ledger device running the Starknet app, per Braavos's guide
Can: Use a third-party wallet such as Braavos or Argent X with the device, as Ledger's own Starknet page suggests
Cannot: Rely on Ledger's own app as the documented place to manage a Starknet-network account: the reviewed guide has users deploy and manage the account in BraavosLedger's Starknet page lists Starknet and mentions both Ledger Live and third-party wallets, but its text is generic. Braavos's guide (June 2024, updated March 2025) installs the Starknet app through Ledger Live developer mode; whether that is still required was not checked. 34353639 As of Sep 27, 2026.
TrezorNone foundSame as native: NoCannot: Sign Starknet-network transactions or control a Starknet account: Trezor's Starknet page lists only Ethereum and Solana as networks, and Trezor's firmware support data has no Starknet entryTrezor supports STRK only as a token copy on Ethereum and Solana, which a Trezor can hold through Trezor Suite, MetaMask or Rabby; under the shared custody rule a token copy on another network does not count as custody on Starknet. Assets held on Starknet itself need a different signer. 3740 As of Sep 27, 2026.

Public data

iKnow Blockchain has no public-data lookups for Starknet yet. This is a limit of the service, not a statement about the network.

Public-data lookups for Starknet
LookupStatusWhat it covers and its limits
Address or accountNot available yetPublic-data lookups for this chain are not built yet.
Tokens and assetsNot available yetPublic-data lookups for this chain are not built yet.
NFTsNot available yetPublic-data lookups for this chain are not built yet.
TransactionsNot available yetPublic-data lookups for this chain are not built yet.

A lookup covers one address or transaction from one provider. It is never a complete wallet, and an error or private value is reported as unknown, not zero. About public data · Connect your AI

Sourced developments

Developments: Review overdue Reviewed Sep 27, 2026; next review was due Oct 7, 2026, 12:00 UTC.

Publication date · newest first

Topics your AI can explain

Your AI can explain these topics for Starknet through the connection, with sources.

Known gaps

What this profile's review did not establish:

Sources

Oldest dated source check: Source checked Sep 27, 2026 Next check due Oct 27, 2026.

All 40 sources were checked in the last 30 days.

  1. Introduction to Starknet's protocol (external site)Starknet Documentation · retrieved
  2. Accounts (external site)Starknet Documentation · retrieved
  3. Transactions (external site)Starknet Documentation · retrieved
  4. STRK (external site)Starknet Documentation · retrieved
  5. Staking (external site)Starknet Documentation · retrieved
  6. State (external site)Starknet Documentation · retrieved
  7. Data availability (external site)Starknet Documentation · retrieved
  8. L1-L2 messaging (external site)Starknet Documentation · retrieved
  9. StarkGate (external site)Starknet Documentation · retrieved
  10. Security Council (external site)Starknet Documentation · retrieved
  11. Version notes (external site)Starknet Documentation · retrieved
  12. Developer integrations (external site)Starknet Documentation · retrieved
  13. Running a full node (external site)Starknet Documentation · retrieved
  14. Starknet Grinta: The Architecture of a More Decentralized Future (external site)Starknet · retrieved
  15. S-two Is Live on Starknet Mainnet (external site)Starknet · retrieved
  16. Starknet v0.14.2: The Privacy Engine Arrives (external site)Starknet · retrieved
  17. Starknet Incident Report - January 5, 2026 (external site)Starknet · retrieved
  18. strkBTC is Live: Private Bitcoin Arrives on Starknet (external site)Starknet · retrieved
  19. Block Explorers & Monitoring tools (external site)Starknet · retrieved
  20. Bridges & On-Ramps (external site)Starknet · retrieved
  21. DeFi Apps on Starknet (external site)Starknet · retrieved
  22. SN Stack (external site)Starknet · retrieved
  23. Starknet 0.14.3 pre-release notes (external site)Starknet Community Forum · retrieved
  24. Vesu incident Note (external site)Starknet Community Forum · retrieved
  25. Starknet (external site)L2BEAT · retrieved
  26. Hardware Requirements (external site)Juno (Nethermind) · retrieved
  27. Hardware Requirements (external site)Pathfinder (Software Mansion) · retrieved
  28. Introduction (external site)Pathfinder (Software Mansion) · retrieved
  29. Introduction (external site)Ekubo Protocol · retrieved
  30. USDC Contract Addresses (external site)Circle · retrieved
  31. Supported Chains and Assets (external site)Garden · retrieved
  32. Introduction (external site)Atomiq · retrieved
  33. Escape Process (external site)Argent (argent-contracts-starknet) · retrieved
  34. Starknet Wallet (external site)Ledger · retrieved
  35. LedgerHQ/app-starknet (external site)Ledger · retrieved
  36. Braavos Wallet x Ledger: How to use Starknet with Ledger (external site)Braavos · retrieved
  37. Starknet wallet (external site)Trezor · retrieved
  38. HTLCs (external site)Garden · retrieved
  39. Ready developer documentation (external site)Ready · retrieved
  40. Trezor firmware coin support data (common/defs/support.json, main branch) (external site)Trezor (GitHub, trezor/trezor-firmware) · retrieved

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Funding disclosure

Funding disclosures appear here when an upkeep arrangement exists, in the form “Upkeep funded by [name]; verdicts unaffected.” The funder ledger has not been published yet. Neutrality & funding