Layer 1 blockchain
Terra Classic ticker LUNC
Summary
Proof-of-stake chain (columbus-5) whose nodes run terrad from the community-maintained classic-terra/core repository; nodes read on 2026-09-29 reported v4.0.1-patch.3 on Cosmos SDK 0.53 with CometBFT 0.38. LUNC holders delegate to validators. On-chain parameters read that day allow at most 110 validators (88 were bonded), 21-day unbonding, a 5% slash for double-signing and 0.01% for downtime. A block commits once validators holding more than two-thirds of voting power precommit it, assuming less than a third is byzantine. Validators must also submit exchange-rate votes to the oracle module every 5 blocks, and missing too many votes is slashed. The mint module's inflation bounds are set to zero, so validators and delegators are paid from fees and a share of the burn tax. 37141516172027
Design
- System
- Layer 1 blockchainTerra Classic is the original Terra chain (chain ID columbus-5), a sovereign proof-of-stake chain on the Cosmos SDK secured by its own LUNC-staked validators. It kept running after the May 2022 collapse of its stablecoin system and is now maintained and governed by its community. The separate chain named Terra (phoenix-1), created in 2022 under governance proposal 1623, is a different chain and is not covered by this profile.
- Settlement family
- Cosmos SDK
- Scarce resource
- Stake (proof of stake)
- State model
- Accounts
- Finality
- Economic finality
- Who makes blocks
- Validators take turns proposing blocks in proportion to their voting power, per the CometBFT specification. In a read of bonded validators on 2026-09-29 the largest held about 9.8% of bonded stake; the five largest held about 33%, the six largest about 37% (more than the third needed to halt the chain) and the sixteen largest about 68% (more than the two-thirds needed to commit blocks). A Terra Classic module raises each validator's minimum commission as its voting power grows.
- Fork choice
- No fork choice in the Nakamoto sense: each height is decided by precommits from more than two-thirds of voting power. Two conflicting commits would need at least a third of voting power to double-sign, which is attributable and slashable. If more than a third of voting power is offline the chain halts instead of forking. Software upgrades approved by governance also halt the chain at a set height until validators switch to the new binary.
Qualifications
- Chain history · Applies. In May 2022 TerraUSD (UST), the chain's main algorithmic stablecoin, lost its dollar peg, and the chain's docs describe the hyperinflation of LUNA that followed. Text proposal 1623, passed on 25 May 2022, called for a new chain named Terra with a new LUNA token and for the original chain to be called Terra Classic, with its token renamed Luna Classic (LUNC); its stablecoins took a C suffix, so UST became USTC. Terraform Labs' migration guide says the original chain kept running with market swaps disabled. The new Terra chain (phoenix-1) is a separate chain; this profile covers only columbus-5.
- Market module · Partial. The market module that once minted and burned LUNC against the Terra stablecoins is still in the node software and keeps its virtual pools, but it rejects swaps: on-chain parameters read 2026-09-29 set its minimum spread, and the swap tax on every whitelisted denomination in the oracle module, to 100%. Validators still vote exchange rates, which now feed tax splits and tooling rather than swaps. Reopening protocol swaps would need a governance decision and new code.
- Burn tax · Applies. Taxable transfers pay a burn tax set by governance. Proposal 12223 raised it from 0.5% to 1.5% (voting ended 2 August 2026), and the tax module's parameters read on 2026-09-29 show 1.5%. The proposal describes an 80/10/10 split between burning, the community pool and the oracle reward pool, and the node's tax-split code (v4.0.1-patch.3), applied to the treasury and distribution parameters read that day, gives the same split. Sending funds to a contract is tax-free, and governance can register address zones that are exempt.
- Ibc · Applies. IBC is messaging between independently governed chains, checked by on-chain light clients of each counterparty. It is how USDC and other outside assets reach Terra Classic, but connected chains are not Terra Classic layer 2s. It is recorded in the bridge row of this profile.
- Tps · Unknown. No sourced, classed throughput measurement for Terra Classic was found. Two block headers 10,000 heights apart, read on 2026-09-29, imply an average of about 5.9 seconds per block; that is a block interval, not a capacity figure.
Tradeoffs
- Emphasizes
- Security
- Gives up
- Breadth of consensus participation and ease of running a node. At most 110 validators produce blocks, and on 2026-09-29 six validators together held more than a third of bonded stake, enough to stall the chain. The node guide asks for 64 GB of memory and 2 TB of NVMe storage, and syncing from genesis can take months, so the docs recommend starting from a provider's snapshot. The chain halts when more than a third of voting power is missing.Security here means fast, attributable finality backed by LUNC stake and slashing, including slashing for missed oracle votes. No sourced throughput figure was found, so no scalability claim is recorded. Voting-power shares are a dated read of validator operator addresses, not a count of independent operators.
- Full node at home
- Demanding 81011Terra Classic's system-configuration guide lists six or more CPU cores, at least 64 GB of memory, at least 300 Mbps of sustained bandwidth and at least 2 TB of NVMe storage, and says fully pruned nodes are reported to run on 1 TB. The sync guide says syncing from genesis can take months and points to snapshots from Hexxagon and PublicNode, which means trusting the snapshot provider's state. Validators must also run an oracle feeder. Memory and bandwidth are the main barriers for typical home machines.
- Throughput claims
- No classified figure recorded
Scaling layers
No scaling layer recorded in this profile.
Capabilities
| Capability | How it is provided | Notes and sources |
|---|---|---|
| Account abstraction | Structured assessment pending | Not yet assessed for any chain. |
| Atomic swaps | Unknown | Swaps inside a Terra Classic exchange contract settle all-or-nothing within one transaction, but no hash-time-locked or equivalent cross-party swap mechanism in use on Terra Classic was verified. IBC transfers and Hyperlane Warp routes are not atomic swaps. |
| Authenticated data publication | Unknown | Not yet assessed under this row's current definition. |
| Light clients | Built into the protocolLimited scope | CometBFT consensus produces the validator-signed commits that IBC light clients check, and Terra Classic's IBC connections rely on on-chain light clients of each counterparty; the client behind the Injective USDC channel was active on 2026-09-29. Limit: this light verification serves IBC, and no user-facing light client for Terra Classic was reviewed. Clients that go unrelayed expire and need a governance vote to recover, which a July 2026 forum post requested for two clients. 2223272838 |
| Native staking or delegation | Structured assessment pending | Not yet assessed for any chain. |
| On-chain governance | Structured assessment pending | Not yet assessed for any chain. |
| Parallel execution | Structured assessment pending | Not yet assessed for any chain. |
| Payment or state channels | Unknown | No payment or state channel layer anchored to Terra Classic was reviewed. IBC channels are messaging paths, not payment channels. 28 |
| Programmable spending | Native (protocol or core-team software) Earlier definition | Terra Classic runs CosmWasm smart contracts; the node build read on 2026-09-29 included wasmd 0.61. On-chain parameters read that day let anyone upload and instantiate contract code. Native coins such as LUNC and USTC can be attached to contract calls, and CW20 tokens are issued by contracts. These are contract accounts, not spend conditions on ordinary accounts. 4121421 |
| Protocol-verified messaging | Structured assessment pending | Not yet assessed for any chain. |
| Reversible transfers or recovery | Unknown | Not yet assessed under this row's current definition. |
| Rollups | Unknown | No rollup settling to Terra Classic was found in the reviewed sources, but absence was not verified, so this stays unknown. IBC-connected chains and Hyperlane routes are separate chains and bridges, not rollups. 28 |
| Shielded transfers | Structured assessment pending | Not yet assessed for any chain. |
| Signed partial offers | Unknown | Not yet assessed under this row's current definition. |
Reading these values
- How this feature is provided
- Built into the protocol, core-team software or independent software says where a feature lives and who can change it. These are implementation layers, not quality: core-team software is not closer to the protocol than independent software.
- Structured assessment pending
- The shared review has not assessed this feature for any chain yet (Account abstraction, Native staking or delegation, On-chain governance, Parallel execution, Protocol-verified messaging and Shielded transfers). That does not mean it is absent, and a chain’s profile may already describe it.
- Unknown
- The review has not established this for this chain under the current definition; the note beside it says why. Unknown is not absent and not a low score. A feature reads “Not present” only when a source shows it is absent.
- Earlier definition
- Payment or state channels, Programmable spending and Rollups keep the earlier definition until the next fact-check. There, “Native” does not separate the protocol from core-team software, “Ecosystem software” does not say who publishes it, and “Partial” does not say which layer.
- Reading across rows
- The list of capabilities is incomplete. Do not read these rows as a chain leading or lagging overall.
Ecosystem & custody
| Product type | Status | Notes and sources |
|---|---|---|
| Automated market makers | ThinTerraswap Classic, Terraport, Garuda DeFi, WESO DeFi, CL8Y DEX | Contract-based exchanges on Terra Classic. Terraswap Classic's repository describes an automated market maker built from factory, pair and router contracts and lists mainnet addresses for the factory and router, and DeFiLlama lists WESO DeFi, Terraswap, Garuda DeFi, CL8Y DEX and Terraport on the chain. The protocol's own market module rejects swaps and is not a venue. Operators, audits and liquidity depth were not reviewed. 192930 |
| Issuer-native stablecoins | None found | Neither Circle's USDC address list nor Tether's supported-protocol list includes Terra Classic. The chain registry's asset list shows USDC arriving as IBC vouchers from Noble (USDC.n) and Injective (USDC.inj), and also lists older Portal-bridged USDC and USDT contract tokens; none of these is issuer-native issuance on Terra Classic. USTC is covered in the algorithmic row. 13223132 |
| Algorithmic stablecoins | Unknown | USTC (TerraClassicUSD, denomination uusd) and the other fiat-named coins were the chain's algorithmic stablecoins, kept near their pegs by minting and burning LUNC through the market module. UST lost its dollar peg in May 2022 and those swaps were disabled; the chain's docs say it has had no pegged stablecoins since, and parameters read 2026-09-29 keep the swaps disabled. USTC is therefore not counted here: it is a native coin priced by markets, with no peg or redemption. Stablecoins issued by contracts on Terra Classic were not reviewed, so absence is not established. 24619202426 |
| Bridges | Native to the protocolIBC (ibc-go), Hyperlane Warp routes for LUNC and USTC | IBC connects Terra Classic to other IBC chains through on-chain light clients; the client for the Injective USDC channel was active on 2026-09-29. Hyperlane Warp route contracts on Terra Classic lock native LUNC and USTC and mint synthetic tokens on BNB Smart Chain, Ethereum and Solana; Hyperlane is a contract-level bridge, not part of the protocol. The registry also lists USDC and USDT tokens bridged in through Portal, Wormhole's token bridge, which disconnected Terra Classic in 2025. Risk: An IBC voucher is only as sound as its origin chain, its light client and the relayers that keep the client updated; clients that go unrelayed expire and need a governance vote to recover, which a July 2026 forum post requested for two clients. Hyperlane routes depend on their security module's validators and on the contracts' owners, and the docs said at review that ownership transfers were still being completed. Wormhole said no transfer out of Terra Classic would be possible after 14 July 2025, so Portal tokens held there cannot leave that way. 913222328383940 |
| Block explorers | Established in the ecosystemGalaxy Finder (Hexxagon), Terraport Finder, ATOMScan, Valopers, Ping.pub | The chain registry lists eight explorers for columbus-5, mostly run by validators and ecosystem teams, including two Galaxy Finder addresses listed under Hexxagon. Explorer pages render in the browser and could not be read by the review tools, so listing is not a quality or availability check; explorer data is provider-indexed. 12 |
| Hardware wallets | ThinLedger (through Galaxy Station) | See the custody rows: the chain's website pairs Ledger devices with the Galaxy Station wallet, and Ledger Wallet itself has no Terra Classic integration. Trezor states that it does not support LUNC or USTC. 133343537 |
Hardware-wallet custody
| Device maker | Status | What users can and cannot do |
|---|---|---|
| Ledger | Through an intermediaryGalaxy Station (Hexxagon), with the Ledger Terra and Cosmos device apps that its guide asks users to installSame as native: Unknown | Can: Connect a Ledger device to Galaxy Station, which the Terra Classic website names as a Ledger pairing, following Galaxy Station's Ledger guide with the Terra and Cosmos apps installed Cannot: Manage LUNC inside Ledger Wallet itself: Terra Classic is not among its Cosmos chain integrations or in Ledger's published currency list (@ledgerhq/cryptoassets 13.56.0) Cannot: Find a Ledger coin page for Terra Classic; the URLs tried returned not foundGalaxy Station's Ledger guide does not name Terra Classic, and Ledger's own support articles about Terra Classic render in the browser and could not be read, so this path is documented by the chain and the wallet, not by Ledger. The Terra Classic docs also list Keplr and Cosmostation as wallets with Ledger support. 15353637 |
| Trezor | None foundSame as native: No | Cannot: Manage LUNC with Trezor: Trezor's Terra Luna Classic page says Trezor does not currently support it Cannot: Manage USTC with Trezor: Trezor's TerraClassicUSD page says the sameBoth Trezor pages ask users who used these assets with Trezor before to contact support. Third-party wallets that might sign Terra Classic transactions with a Trezor device were not checked. 3334 |
Public data
iKnow Blockchain has no public-data lookups for Terra Classic yet. This is a limit of the service, not a statement about the network.
| Lookup | Status | What it covers and its limits |
|---|---|---|
| Address or account | Not available yet | Public-data lookups for this chain are not built yet. |
| Tokens and assets | Not available yet | Public-data lookups for this chain are not built yet. |
| NFTs | Not available yet | Public-data lookups for this chain are not built yet. |
| Transactions | Not available yet | Public-data lookups for this chain are not built yet. |
Sourced developments
Developments: Reviewed Sep 29, 2026 Next review due Oct 9, 2026, 12:00 UTC.
Publication date · newest first
-
Mandatory security upgrade v4.0.1-patch.3 applied on 24 September 2026
Terra Classic core maintainers published v4.0.1-patch.3, a mandatory release applying a fix for a critical wasmd and wasmvm vulnerability handled through responsible disclosure, with details due from Cosmos Labs on 28 September 2026. Because the fix changes consensus behaviour, it was rolled out as governance upgrade v14_3 (proposal 12227) at height 30,544,730, which the chain reached at 15:51 UTC on 24 September 2026. A follow-up release, v4.0.2, needs no coordinated upgrade.
- Proposal:passed as proposal 12227 (voting ended 2026-09-22)
- Implementation:shipped in classic-terra/core v4.0.1-patch.3
- Release:mandatory release published 2026-09-14
- Activation:applied at height 30,544,730 on 2026-09-24; nodes read on 2026-09-29 reported 4.0.1-patch.3
Sources: Terra Classic core developers (GitHub) — Terra Classic Core v4.0.1-patch.3 release notes (external site) · Terra Classic on-chain state via PublicNode REST endpoint — Terra Classic proposal 12227: Upgrade to v4.0.1-patch.3 (external site) · Terra Classic on-chain state via PublicNode REST endpoint — Terra Classic applied upgrade plan v14_3 (external site) · Terra Classic on-chain state via PublicNode REST endpoint — Terra Classic block 30,544,730 header (v14_3 upgrade height) (external site) · Terra Classic on-chain state via PublicNode REST endpoint — Terra Classic node info (application, Cosmos SDK and CometBFT versions) (external site) · Terra Classic core developers (GitHub) — Terra Classic Core v4.0.2 release notes (external site)
-
Governance raised the burn tax from 0.5% to 1.5%
Proposal 12223, a tax-module parameter change, raised the burn tax on taxable transfers from 0.5% to 1.5%. Its text says the existing 80/10/10 split stays: 1.2 percentage points burned, 0.15 to the community pool and 0.15 to the oracle reward pool. Voting ended on 2 August 2026 with the proposal passed, and the tax parameters read on 2026-09-29 show a rate of 0.015.
- Proposal:passed as proposal 12223 (voting ended 2026-08-02)
- Implementation:governance parameter change; no new software
- Release:no release needed; executed by the governance module
- Activation:in effect: tax parameters read on 2026-09-29 show 1.5%
Sources: Terra Classic on-chain state via PublicNode REST endpoint — Terra Classic proposal 12223: Set the On-Chain Tax Rate to 1.5% (external site) · Agora, Terra Classic community forum — Set the On-Chain Tax Rate to 1.5% (forum discussion) (external site) · Terra Classic on-chain state via PublicNode REST endpoint — Terra Classic tax module parameters (external site) · Terra Classic community documentation (terra-classic-io/website repository) — Terra Classic module specification: tax (external site) · Terra Classic community documentation (terra-classic-io/website repository) — Terra Classic docs: Transaction best practices (external site) · Terra Classic community documentation (terra-classic-io/website repository) — Terra Classic docs: Fees (external site)
-
Terra Classic Core v4.0.0 moved the chain to Cosmos SDK 0.53, applied at height 28,214,400
Community developers released terrad v4.0.0 under upgrade plan v14_1, targeting Cosmos SDK 0.53.6, CometBFT 0.38.21 and wasmd 0.61.8. Governance approved the upgrade in proposal 12218, whose voting ended on 15 April 2026, and the chain's upgrade record shows the plan applied at height 28,214,400. The work followed a September 2025 signal to go directly to Cosmos SDK 0.53 with IBC v2 support (proposal 12194).
- Proposal:passed as proposal 12218 (voting ended 2026-04-15)
- Implementation:shipped in classic-terra/core v4.0.0
- Release:released 2026-03-29; followed by v4.0.1 under proposal 12221
- Activation:applied at height 28,214,400 per the chain's upgrade record
Sources: Terra Classic core developers (GitHub) — Terra Classic Core v4.0.0 release notes (external site) · Terra Classic core developers (classic-terra/documents repository) — v14_1 proposal: Software upgrade (Cosmos SDK 0.53.x) (external site) · Terra Classic on-chain state via PublicNode REST endpoint — Terra Classic proposal 12218: Software Upgrade to v4.0.0 (Cosmos SDK v0.53.x) (external site) · Terra Classic on-chain state via PublicNode REST endpoint — Terra Classic applied upgrade plan v14_1 (external site) · Terra Classic on-chain state via PublicNode REST endpoint — Terra Classic proposal 12194: upgrade directly to Cosmos SDK v0.53.x with IBC v2 (external site) · Terra Classic on-chain state via PublicNode REST endpoint — Terra Classic governance proposals (latest 40) (external site)
-
Hyperlane Warp routes connect LUNC and USTC to BNB Smart Chain, Ethereum and Solana
Governance backed integrating Hyperlane in proposal 12200 (voting ended 17 November 2025) and funded the Solana deployment in proposal 12222 (July 2026). The Hyperlane Registry lists Warp routes that lock native LUNC and USTC in Terra Classic contracts and mint synthetic tokens on BNB Smart Chain, Ethereum and Solana; the Solana deployment was paid for from the community pool. The docs said ownership transfers were still being completed; proposal 12229, in voting until 6 October 2026, would have governance claim ownership of 12 Hyperlane contracts.
- Proposal:integration passed as proposal 12200; Solana funding passed as proposal 12222; ownership claim (proposal 12229) in voting
- Implementation:route contracts deployed and listed in the Hyperlane Registry
- Release:bridge interface live at terraclassic-bridge.xyz
- Activation:routes listed in the Hyperlane Registry and described as current in the Terra Classic docs; governance ownership pending at review
Sources: Terra Classic on-chain state via PublicNode REST endpoint — Terra Classic proposal 12200: Hyperlane Integration on Terra Classic (external site) · Terra Classic on-chain state via PublicNode REST endpoint — Terra Classic proposal 12222: Hyperlane Warp Routes, Solana mainnet deployment funding (external site) · Hyperlane Registry (hyperlane-xyz/hyperlane-registry) — Hyperlane Registry: LUNC Warp route configuration (external site) · Terra Classic community documentation (terra-classic-io/website repository) — Terra Classic docs: Hyperlane contracts and Warp routes (external site) · Terra Classic on-chain state via PublicNode REST endpoint — Terra Classic proposal 12229: Claim Hyperlane infrastructure ownership for governance (external site) · Terra Classic community (Hyperlane Warp route interface) — Terra Classic Bridge (external site)
Topics your AI can explain
Your AI can explain these topics for Terra Classic through the connection, with sources.
Known gaps
What this profile's review did not establish:
- Validator cap, bonded count, voting-power shares, unbonding, slashing, tax, market and oracle values are on-chain parameters read on 2026-09-29 through one PublicNode endpoint; governance can change them, and stake shares count validator operator addresses, not independent operators.
- Only the IBC clients behind the two USDC routes (Injective and Noble) were read, and both were active on 2026-09-29; other clients, and whether the July 2026 client recovery proposals were submitted or passed, were not checked.
- The Hyperlane security module's validator set and threshold, and the current owners of the route contracts, were not verified; a proposal for governance to claim ownership of the Hyperlane contracts was in voting at review.
- Exchange operators, audits and liquidity depth on Terra Classic were not reviewed.
- Ledger's own support articles about Terra Classic could not be read, and which Ledger device app signs Terra Classic transactions in each wallet was not tested; the Ledger path rests on the chain's website and Galaxy Station's guide.
- Third-party wallets that might sign Terra Classic transactions with a Trezor device were not checked.
- No trust-minimized cross-party swap mechanism, channel layer, rollup, reversible or delayed transfer, recovery feature or signed partial offer on Terra Classic was reviewed.
- No sourced, classed throughput measurement was found; the block interval comes from two sampled block headers.
- Explorer pages render in the browser and could not be read, so explorer availability and data quality were not checked.
- Terraform Labs' earlier documentation site for the classic chain is still online but describes the pre-2022 design; this profile relies on the community's terra-classic.io documentation and on-chain reads.
- Stablecoins issued by CosmWasm contracts on Terra Classic, algorithmic or otherwise, were not reviewed; the protocol's own fiat-named coins are unpegged and their mint-and-burn swaps are disabled.
Sources
Oldest dated source check: Source checked Sep 29, 2026 Next check due Oct 29, 2026.
- Terra Classic website (home page and FAQ) (external site)
- Terra Classic docs: Protocol (external site)
- Terra Classic mint module parameters (external site)
- Terra Classic docs: Stablecoins and native denominations (external site)
- Terra Classic docs: Wallets (external site)
- Terra Classic module specification: market (external site)
- Terra Classic module specification: dyncomm (external site)
- Terra Classic module specification: oracle (external site)
- Terra Classic docs: Hyperlane contracts and Warp routes (external site)
- Terra Classic docs: System configuration for a full node (external site)
- Terra Classic docs: Sync a node (external site)
- Terra Classic (columbus-5) chain registry record (external site)
- Terra Classic (columbus-5) asset list (external site)
- Terra Classic node info (application, Cosmos SDK and CometBFT versions) (external site)
- Terra Classic staking parameters (external site)
- Terra Classic slashing parameters (external site)
- Terra Classic bonded validators (external site)
- Terra Classic tax module parameters (burn tax rate and gas price floor) (external site)
- Terra Classic market module parameters (external site)
- Terra Classic oracle module parameters (external site)
- Terra Classic CosmWasm code upload parameters (external site)
- Terra Classic channel-143 client state (Injective) (external site)
- Terra Classic IBC client 07-tendermint-293 (Injective) status (external site)
- Terra Classic proposal 1623: Terra Builders Alliance: Rebirth Terra Network (on-chain record) (external site)
- Terra Classic proposal 12223: Set the On-Chain Tax Rate to 1.5% (on-chain record) (external site)
- Exchange migration guide (external site)
- Byzantine Consensus Algorithm (external site)
- IBC overview (external site)
- classic-terraswap repository (external site)
- DeFiLlama protocols API (entries on the chain DeFiLlama labels Terra, which is Terra Classic) (external site)
- USDC contract addresses (external site)
- Supported protocols (external site)
- Terra Luna Classic wallet (external site)
- TerraClassicUSD wallet (external site)
- Ledger Wallet Cosmos chain integrations (source directory) (external site)
- @ledgerhq/cryptoassets 13.56.0 currency list (external site)
- Galaxy Station: Get started (connecting a Ledger) (external site)
- Light client restoration (forum post, 14 July 2026) (external site)
- Hyperlane Registry: LUNC Warp route configuration (BNB Smart Chain, Ethereum, Solana, Terra Classic) (external site)
- Updates to Wormhole's supported networks (Terra Classic disconnection and 14 July 2025 cut-off) (external site)
Report an error
Found something wrong or out of date? Reporting is free, and every chain goes through the same process. Published corrections appear in the public log.
Funding disclosure
Funding disclosures appear here when an upkeep arrangement exists, in the form “Upkeep funded by [name]; verdicts unaffected.” The funder ledger has not been published yet. Neutrality & funding